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　　Passage 2

　　“The world's environment is surprisingly healthy. Discuss.”If that were an examination topic, most students would tear it apart. offering a long list of complaints: from local smog(煙霧)to global climate change, from the felling(砍伐)of forests to the extinction of species. The list would largely be accurate, the concern legitimate. Yet the students who should be given the highest marks would actually be those who agreed with the statement. The surprise is how good things are, not how bad.

　　After all. the world's population has more than tripled during this century, and world output has risen hugely, so you would expect the earth itself to have been affected. Indeed, if people lived, consumed and produced things in the same way as they did in 1900 (or 1950. or indeed 1980), the world by now would be a pretty disgusting place: smelly, dirty. toxic and dangerous.

　　But they don't. The reasons why they don't. and why the environment has not been ruined. have to do with prices. technological innovation, social change and government regulation in response to popular pressure. That is why today's environmental problems in the poor countries ought. in principle, to be solvable.

　　Raw materials have not run out. and show no sign of doing so. Logically. one day they must: the planet is a finite place. Yet it is also very big. and man is very ingenious. What has happened is that every time a material seems to be running short, the price has risen and, in response, people have looked for new sources of supply, tried to find ways to use less of the material, or looked for a new substitute. For this reason, prices for energy and for minerals have fallen in real terms during the century. The same is true for food. Prices fluctuate, in response to harvests. natural disasters and political instability; and when they rise, it takes some time before new sources of supply become available. But they always do. assisted by new farming and crop technology. The long-term trend has been downwards.

　　It is where prices and markets do not operate properly that this benign(良性的)trend begins to scumble, and the genuine problems arise. Markets cannot always keep the environment healthy. If no one owns the resource concerned. no one has an interest in conserving it or fostering it: fish is the best example of this.

　　1.According to the author, most students_______.

　　A. believe the world's environment is in an undesirable condition

　　B. agree that the environment of the world is not as bad as it is thought to be

　　C. get high marks for their good knowledge of the world's environment

　　D. appear somewhat unconcerned about the state of the world's environment

　　【答案】A。根據文章第1段前兩句“如果以《全球環境狀況非常好》作為考試題，大多數學生會將試卷撕碎，并列出一大堆的抱怨，從煙霧到全球氣候變暖，從砍伐森林到物種滅絕”，由此可推斷，大多數學生認為全球環境并不令人滿意。因此，A正確。

　　2.The huge increase in world production and population_______.

　　A. has made the world a worse place to live in

　　B. has had a positive influence on the environment

　　C. has not significantly affected the environment

　　D. has made the world a dangerous place to live in

　　【答案】C。根據文章第2段全段和第3段首句“本世紀，全球人口增加了三倍多，全球產量也有巨大的增長，因此你可能會認為地球會受到影響。的確，如果人們還像1900年或1950年甚至1980年那樣居住，消費和生產，那么到現在，地球很可能是一個令人厭惡的地方但人們沒有這樣做”，注意此處的虛擬語氣，由此可推斷產量和人口的增加并沒有對全球環境造成太大的影響，故此，應選C。

　　3.One of the reasons why the long-term trend of prices bas been downwards is that ________.

　　A. technological innovation can promote social stability

　　B. political instability will cause consumption to drop

　　C. new farming and crop technology can lead to overproduction

　　D. new sources are always becoming available

　　【答案】D。根據文章第4段第4、5句“每次當一種資源似乎就要匱乏時，價格就會上升，相應地，人們會尋找新的資源，想方設法找到節省資源的方法或者尋找新的替代品。正因為如此，本世紀能源和礦產品的價格實質上已經下降了一，故應選D。

　　4.Fish resources are diminishing because_______.

　　A. no new substitutes can be found in large quantities

　　B. they are not owned by any particular entity

　　C. improper methods of fishing have ruined the fishing grounds

　　D. water pollution is extremely serious

　　【答案】B。根據文章最后一段第2、3句“市場并不能總是保持環境的健康發展。如果相關的資源不屬于任何人，人們就沒有興趣保護它、培養它。魚類資源就是一個最好的例子”，因此，可推斷B正是魚類減少的原因。

　　5.The primary solution to environmental problems is _______.

　　A. to allow market forces to operate properly

　　B. to curb consumption of natural resources

　　C. to limit the growth of the world population

　　D. to avoid fluctuations in prices

　　【答案】A。根據文章展后一段第1句“在價格和市場手段不能正常運轉的地方，這種良性的趨勢就會動搖，就會出現環境能源等問題”，故此，讓市場價格手段正常地發揮作用才是解決環境問題的方法，A與文章的意思相符，故而正確。

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