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　　Keeping the Zeal of a Startup as You Scale

　　There are many reasons that founder-led companies are so good at disrupting industries and making life miserable for show-moving incumbents. But perhaps the most powerful is that founders create great insurgencies. They ignore established industry rules and boundaries. They create better ways to solve old problems. They disdain anything that burs their focus on the front line. From top to bottom, they at war against the industry leaders on behalf underserved customers.

　　Our research on what we call the “founder’s mentality” shows that maintaining a strong insurgent mission is critical to long-term, sustainable growth. But to compete long term, insurgent companies also need to develop scale and scope, which very often dulls their insurgent’s zeal in many ways, this is because their perspective on the future slowly changes. Insurgents see the days ahead—both long and short term—as ripe with opportunity. They embrace change and chaos they invest in whatever it takes to innovate new solutions for customers. In comments, on the other hand, very often see the future as threat As leaders invested heavily in the status quo, innovation and disruption are not good for therm. Turbulence erodes profitability, innovation marginalizes their current product offerings. The future is not better.

　　The companies that find a way to achieve scale without losing their insurgent mission---we call them “Scale Insurgents”--remain acutely alert to this difference in perspective. They actively fight back against the very natural tendency to retreat behind the castle walls to avoid future change and turbulence, instead, they do what in some companies might seem likeheresy. They commit to disrupting their own insurgency. They know that acquiring the benefits of scale requires ruthless focus on a well-defined core business and a commitment to building the systems and processes to support it. But they aren’t wedded to their business model—they are wedded to what will serve their customers best Rather than erecting defenses against the future, they embrace the notion of limitless horizons—the idea that a company can intelligently extend the boundaries of its core ever outward.

　　1. According to paragraph l, why are founder-led companies often con side red as “insurgents”? ( )

　　A. Because they often get more supports from the customers.

　　B. Because they often damage the market order.

　　C. Because they often challenge the old companies in many ways.

　　D. Because they often make more money than old companies.

　　【答案】C。細節題。題干：為什么創始人類型的公司通常被認定為是“反動派”。在文章第一段的后三句作者就提到，“他們忽視老公司建立的規則和界限，用新的方式來解決舊的問題...”，說明他們經常在很多方面挑戰老的公司。其他選項在文段當中并沒有提及。

　　2. Which of the following is NOT a representation of startups’ “rebellions”? ( )

　　A. They are more concentrated and tend to stick to their goals.

　　B. They frequently defeat old companies in competitions.

　　C. They try figure out new ways to solve problems.

　　D. They do not follow existing rules.

　　【答案】B。是非題。題干：下列哪項不能代表創業公司反叛的特點。B選項不符合，原文只提到他們經常挑戰老的公司，不按老公司的規章制度辦事，并沒有說經常打敗他們。其他選項均可在原文當中找到。故正確答案是選項B。

　　3. What is main difference between an “insurgent” company and an “incumbent” company? ( )

　　A. An insurgent company invests more in the future while an incumbent company invests more in the status quo.

　　B. An insurgent company prefers chaos to stability.

　　C. An insurgent company loves challenging the incumbent companies.

　　D. An insurgent company sees changes as opportunities while an incumbent company loves stability more.

　　【答案】A。細節題。根據第二段的In comments, on the other hand, very often see the future as threat As leaders invested heavily in the status可以推出insurgent company眼光放得更遠，而 incumbent companies對當下投資的更多。原文并沒有提到incumbent company更傾向于穩定stability，所以選項BD排除。C選項沒有明確兩者之間的不同點，只是單方面的指出insurgent company喜歡挑戰老的公司，并沒有進行對比。故正確答案是選項A。

　　4. The word “heresy” in paragraph 3 is closest in meaning to ( ).

　　A. Surprising cat

　　B. Brilliant idea

　　C. Evil belief

　　D. Untraditional opinion

　　【答案】D。含義題。Heresy出現在最后一段的第四行，根據該詞前面所講的內容，不像老的公司，insurgent company并不喜歡習慣性地退縮到城堡內以回避未來發生的變化和波動，也就是說他們常常不按常理出牌，據此可以推出他們會做一些會讓老的公司覺得不符合常理的事情，因此答案選D。

　　5. In the author’s opinion, what is a “scale insurgents”? ( )

　　A. A startup company that maintains its original quality in the process of scaling up.

　　B. An insurgent company that turned into an incumbent company.

　　C. An insurgent company that managed to make steady profits.

　　D. A startup company that succeeded in scaling up.

　　【答案】A。態度觀點題。該題可以采用排除法。首先可以排除B和C選項，原文已經說了insurgent company和incumbent company是兩種不同的公司，而且前者經常挑戰后者，所以insurgent company不可能會轉變成后者。C選項并不能突出insurgent company和其他公司的區別。根據原文The companies that find a way to achieve scale without losing their insurgent mission - we call them ‘Sales Insurgents’”可知Sales Insurgents指的是那些在擴大規模的路上并沒有放棄“反叛革命”的公司，A項中的maintains its original quality與原文中without losing their insurgent mission相呼應。故選A。

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